Biscriptality

African languages → Cushitic languages, Egyptian, Ethiosemitic languages, Fulfulde, Hausa, Juba Arabic, Kanembu, Kanuri, Mande languages, Meroitic, Swahili, Wolof

Afrikaans 47, 189

A-Hmao 44, 277

Akkadian 31, 47, 70, 79, 80, 279; also Assyrian

Albanian 187, 189, 317, 318, 330

American languages → Cherokee, Cree, Inuit languages, Nahuatl, Ojibwe

Ancient Greek → Greek

Arabic 24, 40, 182, 190−192, 331; → Juba Arabic; influence 149−154

Aramaic 36, 279

Armenian 322

Assyrian → Akkadian

Avadhī 152, 153

Azerbaijani 194−196

Bactrian 279

Bahasa Indonesia → Indonesian

Bahasa Malaysia → Malaysian

Balkar → Karachay-Balkar

Bambara 181, 182

Banat Bulgarian 197

Belarusian 6, 36, 64, 73, 158−167, 189, 247, 279, 280, 314−317, 319, 321, 324−325, 330, 340

Bengali 152

Bosnian 25, 198−200, 210, 212, 213−215, 242−243, 321−324, 340, → Serbo-Croatian

Brāj Bhāṣā 152, 153

Brazilian → Portuguese

Breton 308

Bulgarian 24, 49, 189, 197, 202; → Banat Bulgarian, Pomak

Burgenland Croatian 197

Buryat 196

Čakavian (dialect of → Croatian) 171, 209

Carpatho-Rusyn → Rusyn

Castilian → Spanish

Catalan 311

Celtic 33; → Breton, Irish, Welsh

Chéngguān Tǔhuà 91

Cherokee 18, 21, 276, 277

Chinese Buryat → Buryat

Chinese languages → Chéngguān Tǔhuà, Gan Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Sháozhōu Tǔhuà, Xiang Chinese, Xiangnan Tuhua, Yang Zhuang

Church Slavonic 85, 102, 103, 107−121, 136−138, 145, 171, 200, 202, 243, 248, 249, 307; Old Church Slavonic 51, 66, 84, 97, 254−256

Common East Slavic → Old East Slavic

Common Slavic 321

Coptic → Egyptian

Cree 277

Croatian 25, 82, 99, 100, 167−173, 206, 209, 210−212, 213−215, 234, 242−243, 255, 321−324, 331; → Serbo-Croatian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, Čakavian; influence 303−304

Cushitic languages 183

Czech 99, 140−143, 189, 209, 224, 225, 255, 286, 300−303, 304−306; influence 225, 304, 305

Danish 286, 305

Dari → Persian

Demotic → Egyptian

Dutch 197, 228, 229, 286, 331

Eastern Punjabi 188

Egyptian 30, 35, 40, 47, 48, 55, 70, 73, 91, 96, 183−186, 256−276, 335, 340; Coptic 259; Demotic 30, 36, 259, 263, 275, 276

Ekavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian) 180, 212, 213, 238

English 21, 38, 43, 45, 47, 56, 61, 63, 68, 70, 71, 94, 95, 153, 156, 182, 187, 189, 215−216, 244, 247, 286, 289, 313, 318, 319, 340; influence 229, 234, 235, 251, 317, 330−332; Middle English 22; Old English 288

Eskimo → Inuit

Estonian 286, 305

Ethiosemitic languages 183

Etruscan 40, 278

Even 230, 333

Faliscan 40, 278

Farsi → Persian

Fijian 22

Finnish 286, 305

Flemish → Dutch

French 18, 21, 37, 189, 230, 286, 308−313, 319, 340; Anglo-Norman French 22; influence 218, 228, 294, 295, 309−313, 318, 329−332; Old French 66, 336

Fulfulde 181, 250, 253

Galician 332

Gan Chinese 229

German 6, 16, 21, 29, 33, 46, 64, 68, 71, 128, 147, 166, 171, 189−191, 196, 197, 202, 206, 216−219, 223, 238, 282−300, 300, 305, 313, 319; → Schwyzerdütsch; Austrian Standard German 197, 206, 216−219; influence 224, 228, 302−305, 317, 331; Swiss Standard German 58, 66, 81, 201, 216−219, 313

Germanic languages → Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, German, Gothic, Icelandic, Luxembourgish, Old Norse, Russenorsk, Swedish, Yiddish

Gothic 17, 124, 125

Greek 25, 39, 189; Ancient Greek 17, 31, 336; Cypriot 31, 32, 42, 97; influence 119, 120, 220, 254, 316, 331; koiné 30, 33, 42, 97; Modern Greek 40, 49, 100, 118; Mycenaean Greek 193

Greenlandish → Yupik

Gujarati 39

Hausa 38, 40, 181, 250−253

Hebrew 44, 126, 127, 175, 189−191

Hindi-Urdu 16, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 51−55, 60, 149−158, 188, 193, 196; → Brāj Bhāṣā, Khaṙī Bolī

Hindustani → Hindi-Urdu

Hittite 40, 79, 80; → Luvian

Hmong 21, 277

Hungarian 189; influence 209, 323, 331

Hurrian 36

Icelandic 21, 66

Ijekavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian) 180, 212, 213, 238

Ikavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian) 180

Indian languages → South Asian languages

Indonesian 229, 331; → Malay

Inuinnaqtun 196

Inuit 196; → Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Yupik

Inuktitut 196, 277

Inuvialuktun 196

Irish 99; Old Irish 47, 76−78, 101, 288

Italian 21, 171, 293; influence 82, 209, 234, 318, 323, 331

Japanese 20, 25, 29, 43−50, 65, 68−70, 122−124, 145, 146

Javanese 277

Jewish languages 35, 189−193; → Hebrew, Judeo-Tat, Karaim, Ladino, Yiddish

Juba Arabic 182

Judeo-Spanish → Ladino

Judeo-Tat 189

Kajkavian (dialect of → Croatian) 209

Kalmyk 196

Kanembu 181

Kanuri 181, 250

Karachay → Karachay-Balkar

Karachay-Balkar 230, 333

Karaim 39

Karakalpak 332, 333

Kashmiri 40, 188

Kazakh 195, 244, 332, 333

Kazym Khanty → Khanty

Khanty 229, 333

Khaṙī Bolī 150−154

koiné → Greek

Komi 229, 333

Korean 43, 45, 50, 70, 145, 146

Kurdish 195

Kyrgyz 195

Ladino 126, 127, 175, 189, 190, 196

Lahndi 47, 50, 188

Latin 17, 40, 85, 124, 147, 168, 189, 289, 335; influence 82, 85, 146, 147, 170, 171, 289, 294, 295, 316, 318; Medieval Latin 35, 43, 85, 125, 126, 200−201, 283, 288; New Latin 130, 224, 284, 285, 289−293; Renaissance Latin 284, 285; Vulgar Latin 66, 146, 336

Latvian 305

Lisu 21

Lithuanian 202, 305

Lower Sorbian 303−305

Lusatian → Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian

Luvian 55, 78−82, 337

Luxembourgish 197

Macedonian 21, 23, 189; influence 213

Madura 277

Malay 40, 47, 229, 277, 331

Malayalam 40

Malaysian 229, 331; → Malay

Mandarin Chinese 22, 25, 41−45, 65, 91, 92−96, 100, 188, 203, 204−209, 229, 279, 336; influence 122, 211; Putonghua 91, 95

Mande languages 180−183, → Bambara, Manding, Mandinka, Maninka, Maninka-Mori

Manding 180−183, 196

Mandinka 181, 182

Maninka 181, 182

Maninka-Mori 182

Mari 229, 333; Hill Mari 333; Meadow Mari 333

Masurian 197, 202

Meroitic 40, 96, 335

Mexican → Nahuatl

Miao 277

Moldovan 194, 332; → Romanian

Mongolian 24, 44, 47, 65, 97−99, 196, 244, 279

Mongolic languages → Buryat, Kalmyk, Mongolian

Montenegrin 25, 210, 212−213, 213−15, 321−324

Mozarabic 191−193

Muslim Tat 189

Mycenaean → Greek

Nahuatl 33, 34

Nepalese 34

Nogai 332, 333

Norwegian→ Old Norse, Russenorsk

Occitan 6, 37, 40, 308−313, 319; → Provençal

Oirat → Kalmyk

Ojibwe 230

Old East Slavic 159, 324; East Novgorodian dialects 139; Novgorod dialect 5, 6, 58, 127, 129−139, 331, 337; Pskov dialect 139

Old Iranian 151

Old Norse 5, 6, 47, 54, 55, 57, 59, 74−76, 78, 91, 101, 134, 137, 138, 337

Old Russian → Old East Slavic for stages before ca. 1400, Russian for later stages

Old Turkic 6, 278

Old Uighur → Old Turkic

Orkhon Turkic → Old Turkic

Oscan 40, 193

Ossetic 195

Pali 33, 194

Parthian 279

Pashto 154

Permian Komi 229, 333

Persian 42, 190, 195, 196, 279; → Tat; influence 24, 149, 150−154; Middle Persian 279

Polish 36, 95, 100, 143, 147, 159, 189, 197, 202, 225−227, 280, 305, 306; → Masurian; influence 159, 160, 166, 213, 225, 279, 303−305, 314−317, 330

Pomak → Bulgarian

Portuguese 189, 228, 332; influence 332

Prakrit 279

Prekmurian: → Slovenian

Proto-Indo-European 133

Proto-Slavic → Common Slavic

Provençal 309−313

Punjabi 40, 154, 155, 188, → Lahndi, Saraiki

Putonghua → Mandarin Chinese

Romance languages → Catalan, French, Galician, Italian, Ladino, Moldovan, Mozarabic, Occitan, Portuguese, Provençal, Romanian, Spanish

Romanian 194, 196, 330, 332; → Moldovan

Russenorsk 194

Russian 6, 18, 20, 21, 25, 68, 71, 92, 95, 100, 102−121, 127, 128, 144, 147, 202, 203, 219−224, 236, 244, 307, 319, 325, 326, 330, 331, 340; → Russenorsk; influence 24, 160, 165, 167, 234, 314−317, 324−326, 330, 333

Rusyn 25, 197, 246−250, 307, → Vojvodina Rusyn

Ruthenian 159, 189, 198, 279, 280, 324, 325

Sanskrit 17, 36, 152, 153, 193, 194, 279; influence 149, 152, 153

Santali 188, 193

Saraiki 154

Scandinavian → Old Norse

Schwyzerdütsch 58, 81, 218

Serbian 5, 21, 23, 25, 39, 44, 51−56, 60, 64, 65, 68, 73, 147, 206, 210−212, 213−215, 233−246, 247, 250, 279, 281, 314, 321−324, 340; → Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian 16, 25, 29, 40, 41, 44−47, 50, 60, 73, 82−88, 167−180, 189, 196, 197, 198−200, 209−215, 231−246, 321−324, 330; → Bosnian, Burgenland Croatian, Čakavian, Croatian, Ekavian, Ijekavian, Ikavian, Kajkavian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Štokavian

Sháozhōu Tǔhuà 92

Shuryshkar Khanty → Khanty

Sindhi 40, 59, 154, 188

Slavic languages → Belarusian, Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, Common Slavic, Czech, Lower Sorbian, Macedonian, Old East Slavic, Polish, Russenorsk, Russian, Rusyn, Ruthenian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Ukrainian, Upper Sorbian

Slovak 21, 99; influence 304

Slovenian 170, 171, 197, 306, 307; influence 304; Prekmurian 197

Sogdian 279

Sorbian → Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian

South Asian languages → Avadhī, Bengali, Brāj Bhāṣā, Gujarati, Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, Lahndi, Madura, Malayalam, Nepalese, Pali, Prakrit, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Saraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Tibetan

Spanish 34, 36, 39, 188, 189, 196, 286; Old Spanish 35, 147

Štokavian (dialect of → Serbo-Croatian) 209, 210, 321

Sumerian 31, 80

Sundanese 277

Surgut Khanty → Khanty

Swahili 38, 40, 47, 181, 251−253

Swedish 21, 286, 305; → Old Norse

Syriac 202

Tajik 195; → Persian

Tamil 40, 42, 70, 71, 188, 230

Tat 47, 189, 196; → Judeo-Tat, Muslim Tat

Tatar 277, 278, 327

Telugu 193

Tibetan 279

Tocharian B 279

Tumshuq Sakan 279

Turkic 332, 333; → Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Old Turkic, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek; influence 149−151

Turkish 35, 42, 53, 174, 187, 330, 333

Turkmen 195

Uighur 196

Ukrainian 25, 159, 197, 279, 280;

→ Rusyn; influence 119

Upper Sorbian 60, 224−225, 303−305

Urdu → Hindi-Urdu

Uzbek 195, 196, 277

Vakh Khanty → Khanty

Vietnamese 47

Vojvodina Rusyn 246

Vulgar Latin → Latin

Welsh 77

Western Punjabi 188, → Lahndi

Wolof 181, 250

Xhosa 22

Xiang Chinese 91, 92

Xiangnan Tuhua 88−92

Yang Zhuang 92

Yiddish 126, 127, 175, 189−191, 196

Yupik 196

Zulu 22

Zyryan Komi 229, 333